什么是“煤气灯效应”?
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《韦氏词典》上,2022年“gaslighting(煤气灯效应)”这个词的搜索量比上一年增加了1740%,也一跃成为2022年度词汇。那么这个词究竟是什么意思呢?
Merriam-Webster"s top definition for gaslighting is the psychologicalmanipulation of a person, usually over an extended period of time, that "causes the victim to question the validity of their own thoughts, perceptionof reality, or memories and typically leads to confusion, loss of confidence and self-esteem, uncertainty of one"s emotional or mental stability, and a dependency on the perpetrator."
《韦氏词典》对gaslighting有两条定义。其中一条指:对一个人的心理操纵,通常持续很长一段时间,导致受害者质疑自己的思想、对现实的感知或记忆的可靠性,通常导致困惑、信心和自尊的丧失、情绪或精神的不稳定,以及对施暴者的依赖。
1
psychological
psychological 表示“心灵的;心理的;精神上的”,英文解释为“connected with a person"s mind and the way in which it works”
the psychological development of children
儿童的心理发展。
2
perception
1. 表示“认识,观念,看法”,英文解释为“a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based on how things seem”
2. 表示“知觉;感知”,英文解释为“the way you notice things, especially with the senses”如:visual perception 视觉;
3
perpetrator
perpetrator 表示“作恶者;犯罪者”,英文解释为“someone who does something morally wrong or illegal”。
简单来说,“煤气灯效应”又叫认知否定, 实际上是一种通过“扭曲”受害者眼中的真实而进行的心理操控和洗脑。煤气灯效应:“如果你对自己的看法往往来自周围人的评价;你的父母数落你的穿着、工作、朋友还有交往对象,你却反思也许他们的意见都是对的;你很难做出简单的决定,并且经常自我怀疑,也许这不是因为你还不够好,而是你无意识地被操控了。”
“煤气灯效应”从何而来?
It birthed two film adaptations in the 1940s.George Cukor"s "Gaslight" in 1944, starred Ingrid Bergman as Paula Alquist and Charles Boyer as Gregory Anton. The two marry after a whirlwind romance and Gregory turns out to be a champion gaslighter. Among other instances, he insists her complains over the constant dimming of their London townhouse"s gaslights is a figment of her troubled mind. It wasn"t.
Gaslighting源自帕特里克·汉密尔顿1938年创作的剧本。1944年,改编自该剧本的经典黑色悬疑片《煤气灯下》(Gaslight)问世。这部影片讲述了丈夫为了谋取妻子的财产,千方百计把妻子逼疯的故事。剧中,妻子看到了微弱的煤气灯光,丈夫却一直否认,说她看错了。妻子单纯地爱着丈夫,对其深信不疑,久而久之就确信自己真的看错了。
2007年,心理学家罗宾·斯特恩(Robin Stern)结合20年的临床经验出版了《煤气灯效应:远离情感暴力和操纵狂》,该书出版之后,煤气灯效应被广泛地运用于心理学(尤其是临床心理学)学科领域,后不断延伸扩展到哲学、政治学(政治评论)等学科领域。
4
adaptation
1. 表示“适应”,英文解释为“the process of changing to suit different conditions”
2. 表示“(电影、书、剧本等的)改编”,英文解释为“a film, book, play, etc. that has been made from another film, book, play, etc.”
5
whirlwind
1. 作名词,表示“旋风”,英文解释为“a tall, spinning column of air that moves across the surface of the land or sea.”
2. 表示“一片忙乱”,英文解释为“a situation or series of events where a lot of things happen very quickly”
3. 作形容词,表示“(事件)旋风般的,飞快的”,英文解释为“A whirlwind event happens very fast, and often unexpectedly.”
6
dim
1. 表示“(使)变暗,(使)亮度降低”,英文解释为“to (make something) become less bright”
2. 表示“(使)减弱,(使)变淡”,英文解释为“to (make a positive feeling or quality) become less strong”
7
figment
通常用 a figment of sb"s imagination表示“凭空想象的事物;虚构的事;臆造的事物”,英文解释为“If you say that something is a figment of someone"s imagination, you mean that it does not really exist and that they are just imagining it.”
除此之外,2022年《韦氏词典》热词还有“寡头”(oligarch)、“王后”(Queen Consort)、“奥米克戎”(omicron)、“取消文化”(cancel culture)、“编纂”(codify)等。
《剑桥词典》(Cambridge Dictionary)2022年度词汇为Homer(本垒打)。
《柯林斯词典》(Collins English Dictionary)2022年度词汇为“Permacrisis”(长久危机),“长久的(permanent)”与“危机(crisis)”二词组合词,反映了“当今世界的状况”。
《牛津词典》(Oxford English Dictionary)2022年度热词分别是“goblin mode”(哥布林模式/咸鱼模式)、“#IStandWith”(我站XX)和“metaverse”(元宇宙)。
扩展阅读:
“哥布林模式”荣登牛津大学出版社2022年度热词
来源:中国日报网,图片来源于网络,如侵删
监制:李璨
编辑:刘煜
校审:田江含
值班编委:郑楠